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最近更新时间: 2024-10-17 17:10:00
建议对DB object 尤其是COLUMN 加COMMENT,便于后续新人了解业务及维护。
注释前后的数据表可读性对比,有注释的一看就明白。
postgres=# \d+ TBase_main
Table "public.tbase_main"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
--------+---------+-----------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | | plain | |
mc | text | | extended | |
Indexes:
"TBase_main_id_uidx" UNIQUE, btree (id)
Has OIDs: no
Distribute By SHARD(id)
Location Nodes: ALL DATANODES
postgres=# comment on column TBase_main.id is 'id号';
COMMENT
postgres=# comment on column TBase_main.mc is '产品名称';
COMMENT
postgres=# \d+ TBase_main
Table "public.tbase_main"
Column | Type | Modifiers | Storage | Stats target | Description
--------+---------+-----------+----------+--------------+-------------
id | integer | | plain | | id号
mc | text | | extended | | 产品名称
Indexes:
"TBase_main_id_uidx" UNIQUE, btree (id)
Has OIDs: no
Distribute By SHARD(id)
Location Nodes: ALL DATANODES
- 建议非必须时避免select *,只取所需字段,以减少包括不限于网络带宽消耗。
postgres=# explain (verbose) select * from tbase_main where id=1;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index Scan using TBase_main_id_uidx on public.tbase_main (cost=0.15..8.17 rows=1 width=36)
Output: id, mc
Index Cond: (TBase_main.id = 1)
(3 rows)
postgres=# explain (verbose) select tableoid from tbase_main where id=1;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Index Scan using TBase_main_id_uidx on public.tbase_main (cost=0.15..8.17 rows=1 width=4)
Output: tableoid
Index Cond: (TBase_main.id = 1)
(3 rows)
*是返回36个字符,而另一个一条记录只能4个字段的长度。
- 建议update 时尽量做
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase' ;
UPDATE 1
postgres=# select xmin,* from tbase_main;
xmin | id | mc
------+----+-------
2562 | 1 | TBase
(1 row)
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase' ;
UPDATE 1
postgres=# select xmin,* from tbase_main;
xmin | id | mc
------+----+-------
2564 | 1 | TDSQL PG
(1 row)
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase' where mc!='TBase';
UPDATE 0
postgres=# select xmin,* from tbase_main;
xmin | id | mc
------+----+-------
2564 | 1 | TDSQL PG
(1 row)
上面的效果是一样的,但带条件的更新不会产生一个新的版本记录,不需要系统执行vacuum回收垃圾数据。
- 建议将单个事务的多条SQL操作,分解、拆分,或者不放在一个事务里,让每个事务的粒度尽可能小,尽量lock少的资源,避免lock 、dead lock的产生。
postgres=# begin;
BEGIN
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase_1.3';
UPDATE 200000000
#sesseion2 等待
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase_1.4' where id=1;
#sesseion3 等待
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase_1.5' where id=2;
如果#sesseion1分布批更新的话,如下所示
postgres=# begin;
BEGIN
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase_1.3' where id>0 and id <=100000;
UPDATE 100000
postgres=#COMMIT;
postgres=# begin;
BEGIN
postgres=# update tbase_main set mc='TBase_1.3' where id>100000 and id <=200000;
UPDATE 100000
postgres=#COMMIT;
则session2和session3中就能部分提前完成,这样可以避免大量的锁等待和出现大量的session占用系统资源,在做全表更新时请使用这种方法来执行:
- 建议大批量的数据入库时,使用copy ,不建议使用insert,以提高写入速度;
postgres=# insert into tbase_main select t,'xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx' from generate_series(1,100000) as t;
INSERT 0 100000
Time: 9511.755 ms
postgres=# copy TBase_main to '/data/pgxz/TBase_main.txt';
COPY 100002
Time: 179.428 ms
postgres=# copy TBase_main from '/data/pgxz/TBase_main.txt';
COPY 100002
Time: 1625.803 ms
postgres=#
性能相差5倍。
建议对报表类的或生成基础数据的查询,使用物化视图(MATERIALIZEDVIEW)定期固化数据快照,避免对多表(尤其多写频繁的表)重复跑相同的查询,且物化视图支持REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY, 支持并发更新;
如有一个程序需要不断查询TBase_main的总记录数,那么我们这样做:
postgres=# select count(1) from tbase_main;
count
--------
200004
(1 row)
Time: 27.948 ms
postgres=# create MATERIALIZED VIEW TBase_main_count as select count(1) as num from tbase_main;
SELECT 1
Time: 322.372 ms
postgres=# select num from TBase_main_count ;
num
--------
200004
(1 row)
Time: 0.421 ms
性能提高上百倍。
有数据变化时刷新方法 。
postgres=# copy TBase_main from '/data/pgxz/TBase_main.txt';
COPY 100002
Time: 1201.774 ms
postgres=# select count(1) from tbase_main;
count
--------
300006
(1 row)
Time: 23.164 ms
postgres=# REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW TBase_main_count;
REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW
Time: 49.486 ms
postgres=# select num from tbase_main_count ;
num
--------
300006
(1 row)
Time: 0.301 ms
- 建议复杂的统计查询可以尝试窗口函数 。
两表join时尽量的使用分布key进行join。
所以在建立业务的主表,明细表时,就需要使用他们的关联键来做分布键,如下所示:
[pgxz@VM_0_29_centos pgxz]$ psql -p 15001
psql (PostgreSQL 10 (TBase 2.01))
Type "help" for help.
postgres=# create table tbase_main(id integer,mc text) distribute by shard(id);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# create table tbase_detail(id integer,TBase_main_id integer,mc text) distribute by shard(TBase_main_id);
CREATE TABLE
postgres=# explain select TBase_detail.* from tbase_main,TBase_detail where TBase_main.id=TBase_detail.TBase_main_id;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Node Scan on "__REMOTE_FQS_QUERY__" (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=0 width=0)
Node/s: dn001, dn002
(2 rows)
postgres=# explain (verbose) select TBase_detail.* from tbase_main,TBase_detail where TBase_main.id=TBase_detail.TBase_main_id;
QUERY PLAN
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Node Scan on "__REMOTE_FQS_QUERY__" (cost=0.00..0.00 rows=0 width=0)
Output: TBase_detail.id, TBase_detail.TBase_main_id, TBase_detail.mc
Node/s: dn001, dn002
Remote query: SELECT TBase_detail.id, TBase_detail.TBase_main_id, TBase_detail.mc FROM public.tbase_main, public.tbase_detail WHERE (TBase_main.id = TBase_detail.TBase_main_id)
(4 rows)
postgres=#
- 分布键用唯一索引代替主键。
postgres=# create unique index TBase_main_id_uidx on TBase_main using btree(id);
CREATE INDEX
因为唯一索引后期的维护成本比主键要低很多。
- 分布键无法建立唯一索引则要建立普通索引,提高查询的效率。
postgres=# create index TBase_detail_TBase_main_id_idx on TBase_detail using btree(TBase_main_id);
CREATE INDEX
这样两表在join查询时返回少量数据时的效率才会高。
不要对字段建立外键。
目前TDSQL PG还不支持多dn外键约束,除非你能确定数据关联键的数据全部落在同一个dn上面。